【Google】乔安娜贝利诞生256周年标志

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Joanna Baillie

Joanna Baillie (11 September 1762 – 23 February 1851) was a Scottish poet and dramatist, known for works including Plays on the Passions (three volumes, 1798-1812) and Fugitive Verses (1840). Her writing exhibits an interest in moral philosophy and the Gothic.She was critically acclaimed during her lifetime, and she associated with important literary contemporaries, including Anna Barbauld, Lucy Aikin, and Walter Scott, while living in Hampstead. Baillie died at the age of 88.

Baillie was born on 11 September 1762. Her mother Dorothea Hunter (c.1721–1806) was a sister of the great physicians and anatomists, William and John Hunter. Her father, Rev. James Baillie (c.1722–1778), was a Presbyterian minister and, during the two years before his death, a Professor of Divinity at the University of Glasgow. Her aunt Anne Home Hunter, married to John Hunter, was a published poet.[3][4] The Baillies were an old Scottish family, and claimed among their ancestors the Scottish patriot Sir William Wallace.[5]

She was the youngest of three children; she had had a twin sister, but this child had died unnamed a few hours after her birth. Baillie had one surviving sister, Agnes (1760–1861), and a brother, Matthew Baillie (1761–1823), who became a celebrated London physician.

Baillie’s early years were marked by a passion for the outdoors. Uninterested in books, she preferred playing in the garden, riding her pony, splashing on the banks of the River Clyde, and listening to ghost stories by the fireside. Baillie’s own gift for narrative invention revealed itself early in stories told to her companions or acted out in impromptu amateur dramatics. While she did enjoy her childhood she would eventually look back on it with mixed feelings. Baillie recalls how in the household she was not allowed to show emotion.

It was not until Baillies father received his appointment as a minister that she and her sister Agnes were permitted to begin their education at a boarding school. In 1769 the Baillies moved from Bothwell to Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, where Mr Baillie had been appointed to the collegiate church. A few years later, at the age of ten, Joanna Baillie was sent to Glasgow to attend a boarding-school known for "transforming healthy little hoydens into perfect little ladies" (Carswell 266). There she started to learn how to read. “I could not read …until the age of nine” said Baillie about her education to which her sister replied “O Joanna… not until eleven.” Her intellectual and artistic faculties were here stimulated, and she displayed a talent for drawing, considerable musical ability, and a love of mathematics. Above all, however, was her facility in the writing and acting of plays. It was in Glasgow that she visited the theatre for the first time, kindling a passion which was to continue for the rest of her life.

With the death of their father in 1778, the Baillie family found themselves with little to live on. Matthew Baillie went to Balliol College, Oxford, following in his uncles footsteps in the study of medicine. Mrs Baillie and her daughters retired to Long Calderwood, her family home near East Kilbride, where they led quiet lives as country gentlewomen.

Dr William Hunter of Windmill Street, London, died in 1783, leaving Matthew Baillie his house and private museum collection (which is now the University of Glasgow’s Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery). The following year Joanna, Agnes, and their mother moved to London to keep house for Matthew. There Joanna Baillie had access to literary society through her aunt Anne Hunter, the wife of Dr John Hunter. Anne Hunter was a poet of some renown and the hostess of a salon, which included among its circle Fanny Burney, Elizabeth Carter, and Elizabeth Montagu. Encouraged by her aunt’s example, Baillie began to write poetry. While at Windmill Street, Baillie also began seriously writing drama. She had a ready supply of books and studied the French authors Corneille, Racine, Molière, and Voltaire, as well as Shakespeare and the older English dramatists.

In 1791, Matthew Baillie married Sophia Denman, the daughter of a leading obstetrician, and relocated to the more fashionable Grosvenor Street. Mrs Baillie and her daughters settled, after two or three moves, in Colchester. There, Joanna Baillie conceived the idea of her great work, the Plays on the Passions.

By 1802 Joanna Baillie had moved from Colchester to Hampstead, then on the outskirts of London, where she and her sister passed the remainder of their lives.[5] In 1806 Mrs Baillie died. The two sisters, having inherited a small competence from their uncle Dr William Hunter, chose not to marry. They were on intimate terms of friendship with many eminent figures in the arts and sciences, and were sociable, hospitable, and much admired and visited. Anna Laetitia Barbauld and her niece Lucy Aikin were neighbours and close friends, and Sir Walter Scott was a regular correspondent with whom Joanna Baillie stayed in Scotland and who visited her whenever he was in London.

The Oxford DNB states, "In 1823, Baillies much-loved brother Matthew died. His children and grandchildren continued to display the affection and pride in their aunts achievements which had always marked the family."As she reached her seventies, Baillie experienced a yearlong period of unusual ill health which left her too weak to keep up her correspondence. However, she recovered and returned to her work.

"[Joanna Baillie] was anxious that all her works with the exception of her theological pamphlet (see Religious writing) be collected in a single volume, and had the satisfaction of seeing this ‘great monster book’ as she called it, which appeared in 1851, shortly before she died. Though no longer robust—‘Ladies of four score and upwards cannot expect to be robust, and need not be gay. We sit by the fireside with our books’ (Carhart, 62)—she had remained in good health until the end. She died in 1851 in Hampstead, having almost reached her ninetieth year. Her sister, Agnes, lived on to be 100. Both sisters were buried alongside their mother in Hampstead parish churchyard, and in 1899 a sixteen-foot-high memorial was erected in Joanna Baillies memory in the churchyard of her birthplace at Bothwell."